Private-equity managers are bracing for higher taxes in 2013 and in the final weeks of this year are refinancing investments, accelerating gains and shifting what they transfer to trusts.

Top earners face higher taxes on wages, investments and money transferred to heirs starting next year because of tax cuts set to expire and new taxes for high-income Americans from the health-care law. Executives in the private-equity industry also may see taxes rise on their share of profits in buyout deals — known as carried interest — as Congress looks to raise revenue though an overhaul of the U.S. tax code.